According to VDI 2230 1986 edition (The Association of German Engineers bolt calculation theory).

Consider the differences in corrosion resistance and cost Steel and stainless steel are both reliable metals found in a wide range of products, from substantial applications to very small parts. So, which one is better? The answer is “it depends!” Steel’s affordability makes it an ideal metal for many projects. It’s typically used in infrastructure, ships, appliances, weapons, and automobiles. Stainless steel, on the other hand, is more...

The many unique benefits of stainless steel make it a powerful candidate in materials selection. Engineers, specifiers, and designers often underestimate or overlook these values because of what is viewed as the higher initial cost of stainless steel. However, over the total life of a project, stainless is often the best value option. What is Stainless Steel? Stainless steel is essentially low-carbon steel that contains chromium at 10%...

Stainless steel (SS) fasteners are utilized in the construction industry to satisfy corrosion resistance and strength requirements. This document analyzes the properties of two popular types of stainless steels—304 versus 316—as well as which materials are best suited for metal-to-metal connections Stainless steels are commonly offered in nine grades categorized by materials added to the steel during production. The resulting alloys have different materials, strength, and corrosion properties....

When stainless steel is seen in a specification or recommendation for fastener applications, it’s most likely referring to 400-series or 300-series alloys (most commonly, 410 and 304).  Both are incredibly strong and offer respectable rust resistance, there are game-changing distinctions between the two. In this article, we’ll highlight how 300 and 400 stainless steels compare regarding composition, performance, and pricing to help you ultimately determine the best option...

Metal roofing is typically installed in either a standing seam or exposed fastener configuration. Although both systems provide the advantages of a metal roof, each respective system has distinct pros and cons